The Effects of CALL in Teaching
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・24・ 泰山卫生2010年第34卷 泰山区医疗卫生系统禁烟工作全面启动 泰山区卫生局 (271000) 刘 斌李忠良 为了创建良好的医疗服务环境,更好地保障人民 烟工作领导小组,负责督导各单位工作进度。同时, 健康,泰山区卫生局下发《泰山区医疗卫生系统禁烟 要求各单位都要建立禁烟队伍,积极开展本单位禁烟 实施方案》,要求泰山区医疗卫生系统开始全面禁烟。 工作。区疾控中心负责控烟技术指导工作,区直医院 文件中明确指出了泰山区医疗卫生系统禁烟目标: 设立戒烟门诊,开展戒烟服务。文件还特别指出,各 2010年11月起,区卫生局机关、区直各医疗卫生单 级医疗卫生机构领导及干部职工要带头不吸烟、不敬 位、各街道社区卫生服务中心和镇卫生院全面禁烟; 烟,以实际行动树立禁烟榜样。 到2010年底,全区60%以上的医疗卫生机构要建成 区卫生局机关召开禁烟动员会议,划定禁烟区 无烟医疗卫生单位。201 1年1月起,全区所有医疗 域,张贴禁烟温馨提示,撤除烟灰缸,对吸烟职工发放 卫生机构全面禁烟。 《吸烟与健康知识读本》,每13巡查督导,并与评先树 为配合禁烟工作的开展,区卫生局与区直各医疗 优挂钩。同时,对各单位禁烟工作进行督导,对发现 卫生单位、各街道社区卫生服务中心和镇卫生院负责 问题的单位给予通报,工作督查结果也将作为卫生系 人签订了禁烟责任书,成立了泰山区医疗卫生系统禁 统精神文明建设和各项评优指标的重要内容。 ・经验交流・ The Effects of CALL in Teaching 山东省泰安卫生学校(271000) 范丽 [摘要] In this paper,first of all,the advantages and disadvantages inherent in the use of CALL will be pointed at.Later,an analysis of the improvement o the four language skills will be developed・ [关键词] CALL;advantages and disadvantages 1 Introduction The term“Computer—Assisted Language Learn— il1g”or“CALL”iS used to describe any kind of】an— guage learning acti ̄ ity that makes use of conaputm’S. CALL has existed for about 40)eatS and has Hrldel‘gone a sel・ies of stages that ale directl、r connected to Jurth the ・山卫生2019 筮兰 25・ times,though,computers have become more”user— the Dresent moment make us aware of an important fact in relation to CALL—we have to be constantly analysing friendl、,”and.therefore,easier for the non—specialists such as language teachers,to use,enabling them to ere— ate more complex applications with relative ease.Never— whether the uses to which CALL is put are just reinfor— cing current practices or if,in contrast,they are promo theIess.apart from the benefit of making the task of pro— gram—authoring easier,the extraordinary speed of COUl— ting curriculum renewa1. In order to fully benefit from the Dotential of the computer for language learning,lan— Duter development has led to a constant introduction of guage teaching specialists have to promote a complemen— th computers.The technology that new technology,which has rendered the teachers task of tarv relationship wievaluating it properlY quite dififcult(Levy,1 997). 2 General advantages and disadvantages of CALL CALL has much to offer English language teachel’s and will have more to offer in the future.One of the ad— vantages of CALL is that,in Phillips words,“it offers a D0wefful seif—access factlity”Ill;that is,it helps to generate autonomous learnm’s who will experience free— dom of choice.The tools that learners find in computers aUow them to assume mastery of their own learning expe— rience.Students can call up the programs held by com— Duters whenever they want;besides,computers are sen— sitive to the learner’s level of proficiency. Another advantage of CALL is that it gives a new role to teaching materials.Out of the context of CALL, teaching materials are passive.As Phillips points out, before computers were used in the classroom context “Nothing the student said or did could influence in any deep sense the linear progression of the content’’ .In CALL,materials adapt themselves to the requirements of the indi ̄ridual student;that is,the),become interactive. To this ad、 amage.Phillips attaches a’counter—argu— ment:“to what extent is it desirable that more of the management of learningbe embodied in the material。 themselves rather than in the way they are exploited? [3],, In the field of lnethodolog) .we also find one ad— vantage and one COl’respondent disadvantage.The advan— tage is that CALL,like other new technologies,brings about changes in the teaching melhodologies of English. There are cases,though,in which computers are just used to gl‘、,e old materials a new aspect.This is the case of teachm,s who put students in front of the computer just to make“ll—in—the—gap exercises. The advantages and disadvantages mentioned up’ cornputers offer has to be integrated with pedagogic pro— grams that guarantee a real evolution of the teaching methodologies and procedures. The following paragraph, written by Chris Harrison,is very illustrative with re— spect to this pomt: To return to the original question:“What are you teaching your"students and why?”,we may add“How”. Taking the premise that our students learn English in or— der to build up their communicative abilities(although the cultural element also plays a large part),we may need to place more emphasis on fluency than accuracy activities.on interaction between students rather than on one —way teacher.—students traffic.We need to allow the students to take risks without being threatened by penalties,to cooperate rather than compete,to introduce the unexpected and to take the initiative.By giving the “information role”to a computer,and by the teacher taking on the“analyst’’and“planner”roles,we can prm,ide for all of these needs in a student—centered set— irng-4-. HarTison offer ̄s a picture in which the teacher aban— dons his informative role to take on a more active part in the teaching process;and this is allowed to him thanks to computer co—operation,since the computer is now going to be the new source of info1 ̄aation.This results in an innovative teaching methodology in which the dichoto— my teacher‘一student is broken.Now,teachers are going to prolnote communication/interaction with—and mainly among—students;in order to attain this objeqtive,the), aI‘e going to encourage students to take risks,leaving a side penalties for producing incoI’rect bits of language. Besides.the teacher’s analysis of the teaching—leam— ing process and his planning of its development will nlake possible foI-him to CO1_rect possible errol S in this ・26・ lb 生2010年第34 process.Finally,the introduction of the unexpected will being made—with the help of CALL.The specialised be deteirninant to give students eflough motivation for software that has been and is constantly being created to.. them to take an active part in their learning process. gether with the resources available in the Internet make With the practice of this kind of activities.curricu1um possible a most effective learning and improvement of the renewal is guaranteed,so that there is no doubt that a four language skills,as does the new role as“active par. real and evident progress in teaching methodologies is ticipant”thatcomputers aid allow teachers to take. taking place. Notes and Bibliography One final aspect that We should analyse in relation [1]Pttll IP,M.(1986)CAI L in its Educational Context.in LEECH. to the implementation of computers in Efiglish language G.and CANDLIN,N.L.Computers in English Language Teaching and teaching is uhimate1) an ethical question—What is the Resealrh.London:Longman.2一l O. kind of environment that is going to be created by means [2]PHILIP,M.(1986)CALL in its Education ̄Context,in LEECH, of the computer7.Personally.I consider that the crea— G-and CANDLIN,N.L.Computers in English Language Teaching and Reseamh.London:Longman,2—1 0. tion of autonomous learners should not be associated to [3]PHILIP,M.(1986)CALI in its Educational Context,in LEECH, the concept of human alienation.The CALL classroom G.and CANDL1N,N.L.Computers in EnglishLang"uage Teaching and should not be conceived as a room in which every learner Research,London:Longman,2—10. is studying in isolation in front of his/her computer[4]Quotation in LEWIS,R.(1986)Computers and Language Teach— . Teachers must think of activities that enable group work/ ing,in LEECH,G.and CANI)I IN,N.L.Computers in English Language Teaching and Research.London:Longman.55—59. human interaction and computers to be compatible.Oth— [5] 胡隆.计算机辅助外语教学[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社, erwise,men as“social beings”will be replaced by 2001:101. “men as alienated computer slax’es”. [6] 王以宁.网络教育应用[Mj.北京:高等教育出版社,2003:19— 3 Conelusion 21. To conclude with,this paper has provided with a [7]王吉庆.计算机辅助教学的评价与实验研究[M].北京:电子工 brief account of the advantages and disadvantages that 业出版社,1995:25, [8]帅书恩.计算机辅助教育基本原理[M].北京:电子工业出版社, CALL brings to the field of the English language.And at 1995. the same time I have tried to make evident that great [9] 章国英,计算机辅助外语教学与研究[M].上海,上海外语教育 methodologica1 advances can be made——and indeed are 出版社.1995. 一起家庭婚宴食物中毒的调查报告 泰安市岱岳区卫生监督局 (271000) 高元华 史延涛 [摘要]根据流行病学调查和实验室检测结果结合临床症状,确认该起食物中毒是由不明原因的细菌污 染食物中毒所致。 [关键词] 食物中毒;调查;细菌 2010年5月9日上午9时,泰安市岱岳区第二人 报告至岱岳区疾病预防控制中心、区卫生局。区卫生 民医院卫生监督员在黄前镇瓦屋头村卫生室发现7 局立即安排区疾控中心四名专业技术人员赶赴现场 名腹疼、腹泻病人同时就诊。经询问,该批病人曾同 进行渊查。现将情况简要总结如下: 时参加该村张红家的婚宴,怀疑食物中毒事件,随即 1 事件经过